Please forgive me if it is dumb question as I am not very good with math. My question is, I am a little confused as to why we associate derivative with the slope of tangent line. Can any one please elaborate ?
Regards, Ahsan
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$\begingroup$Let there be some change in $x$ by $h$. If we were to draw a line cutting through the initial and resultant point, then we would have a line passing through $(x, f(x))$ and $(x+h, f(x+h))$ as shown in the diagram above. (This line is the secant line, as some may recognize).
The derivative at a point is essentially the resultant change in $f(x)$ as a ratio of an infinitesimally small change in $x$. This means that the derivative at a point is $\frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{(x+h)-x}$, for some infinitesimally small $h$. But this is exactly the gradient of the secant line shown above.
If we were to make $h$ very small to produce the "infinitesimally small change in $x$" (i.e. let $h \to 0$), then notice that the secant line above eventually becomes the tangent line at the point $(x, f(x))$. The derivative at that point then eventually becomes equal to the slope of the tangent line.
$\endgroup$ 1 $\begingroup$Let's imagine we have a curve. Now we take any two points and take a line joining these two points. This line is called a secant as it cuts the curve at at least two points( there may be more but that is none of our concern). Now if you imagine taking these points closer to each other, you will see the secant becomes close to the tangent line. If you keep decreasing the distance between these points, and make them arbitrarily close, the secant line therefore becomes the tangent. This needs to be rigorously proved, but it is a good way to get a "feel" of what is going on, which I believe is what you are asking for.
Now the slope($m$) of this secant line should be equal to the slope of the tangent.
Thus $$m = \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} = \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$$
Taking $x_2=x_1+h$ and taking the limit $h\to0$
$$m=\lim_{h\to0}\frac{f(x_1+h)-f(x_1)}{h}$$
This limit is called the "derivative" and is equal to the slope as we wanted.
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